Monthly Archives: September 2024

Movies About War at Sea: Bear With Me Here.

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            C.S. Forester (1899-1966)[1] was rejected when he volunteered for military service during the First World War.[2]  He tried med school, but left without the MD.  He tried writing.  This time he got what he wanted.  Forester discovered “write fast, send it off, and start something new—you’ll learn as you go.”  In 1922 he started a relationship with Methuen publishers that led to four popular history books.[3]  In 1924, he published two little noticed novels; in 1926 he hit pay-dirt with Payment Deferred; in 1927 he wrote two more little-noticed novels, and a third in 1928; in 1929 he hit pay-dirt again with Brown on Resolution; in 1930 and 1931 he wrote two more little-noticed novels; then in 1932 and 1933 he wrote two successful historical novels, Death to the French,[4] and The Gun.[5]  Then, suddenly, he was successful.  He got a contract to spend a quarter of each year in Hollywood working on screen-plays.  In 1935, “Brown on Resolution” became a movie[6]; he published both the still highly-regarded The General and The African Queen (and the soon-forgotten The Pursued).   In 1937 and 1938 he published the first three novels in the “Horatio Hornblower” series.[7]  These books launched a string of a dozen works that dominated his later career.  Not knowing this in advance, in 1940 he wrote To the Indies, about Spanish conquistadors. 

            Then the Second World War came.  He had missed “doing his bit” in the first war; he wasn’t going to miss it this time.  He couldn’t soldier, but he could write.  By 1938, he had created a series of British characters who were stolid, courageous, undeterred by adversity, and inventive about overcoming it.  He had mastered the action scene.[8]  The British Ministry of Information sent him to America.  “You’ve been there, you know them, make us sympathetic, eh what?”[9] 

            So he moved to the United States.  Lippity-lippity quick like a bunny, he wrote another novel about war in the Age of Fighting Sail.  This time, the Hero-Captain was an American during the War of 1812.[10]  It turns into a story of Anglo-American friendship developing in wartime.  Timely, huh?  Appearing in Summer 1941, it was a huge hit with critics and readers.  He wrote a magazine story about Americans flying in the RAF while the United States remained neutral.  It got made into a successful movie.[11]  He wrote a magazine story about Commando raids on occupied Europe.  It got made into a movie.[12]  In 1942-1943, the Royal Navy took him along on missions.  A trip on H.M.S. Penelope during a convoy to Malta resulted in the trim little fact-based novel The Ship (1943).[13] 

            After the war he stayed in America.  He continued the Hornblower series to completion.[14]  He also wrote a bunch of other stuff.  In part, he wrote a different kind of fiction.  The Sky and the Forest (1948) seems to me like the inspiration for Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart (1958).  Or perhaps Achebe just reacted against the White man’s view of Africa, like he did with Joseph Conrad and Joyce Cary.  But that’s just me.  Randall and the River of Time (1951) is a bit of a head-scratcher, but it seems to me a riff on Ecclesiastes 9: 11-12.  In part, the cobbler returned to his last, writing The Naval War of 1812/The Age of Fighting Sail (1957) about the naval side of the War of 1812; and Hunting the Bismarck/The Last Nine Days of the Bismarck/Sink the Bismarck (1959).[15] 

Among that “other stuff” is The Good Shephard (1955).  The book brings together The Captain from Connecticut and The Ship.  That is, it is the story of an American Captain commanding the escort vessels of a convoy crossing the Atlantic in the face of ferocious U-boat attacks early in 1942.  From this novel came the movie “Greyhound.” 

[1] I think that I had read all his “Hornblower” books by the time he died.  I was then twelve years old. 

[2] Only a serious medical problem would get you rejected by the British Army in 1917-1918. 

[3] Victor Emmanuel II (1922); Napoleon and His Court (1922); Josephine, Napoleon’s Empress (1925); Victor Emmanuel II and the Union of Italy (1927); Louis XIV, King of France and Navarre (1928). 

[4] OK, this has a funny side to it.  In America, it was titled Rifleman Dodd and its central character is Rifleman Matthew Dodd.  He is a soldier in the 95th Regiment of Foot who becomes separated from his unit during Sir Arthur Wellesley’s retreat to the Lines of Torres Vedras.  There is also a Rifleman Matthew Dodd who becomes separated from his unit in the 95th Regiment of Foot during Sir John Moore’s retreat to Coruna.  He appears in Bernard Cornwell, Sharpe’s Escape (2004).  Not an accident. 

[5] Very loosely adapted as “The Pride and the Passion” (dir. Stanley Kramer, 1957).  Interesting back-story. 

[6] Forever England 1935 John Mills (youtube.com).  Later remade as “Sailor of the King” (dir. Roy Boulting, 1953)  Sailor Of The King 1953 (youtube.com) 

[7] The Happy Return/Beat to Quarters (1937); A Ship of the Line and Flying Colours (both 1938).  Warner Brothers bought all three.  “Captain Horatio Hornblower” (dir. Raoul Walsh, 1951) tried to squeeze all three into one movie.   

[8] Of course the battles are well done, but the towing-off of the dismasted flagship in Ship of the Line is memorable. 

[9] Lynne Olson, Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America’s Fight Over World War II, 1939-1941 (2013) casts some light on the British information/influence operations. 

[10] Captain from Connecticut (1941). 

[11] “Eagle Squadron,” (dir. Arthur Lubin, 1942). 

[12] “Commandos Strike at Dawn” (dir. John Farrow, 1942).  Filmed on Vancouver Island because of the close resemblance to Norway.  HA! 

[13] On the background and significance for this convoy, see My Weekly Reader 14 June 2021. | waroftheworldblog 

[14] Commodore Hornblower (1945); Lord Hornblower (1946); Mr. Midshipman Hornblower (1950); Lieutenant Hornblower (1952); Hornblower and the Atropos (1953); Hornblower and the Hotspur (1962).  

[15] See: “Sink the Bismarck!” (dir. Lewis Gilbert, 1960).  Sink the Bismarck! 1960 Film in English Full HD, Kenneth More, Dana Wynter, Carl Möhner (youtube.com)  Gilbert seems unknown now, but he directed a bunch of interesting stuff.  Started with a short documentary on how cod liver oil is made.  Lesson for all young people there.  That same year, the country-western singer Johnny Horton came out with a song “Sink the Bismark!” (1960).  American theaters often ran the song as part of the trailer for the movie. Sink The Bismarck (youtube.com) 

Movies About War at Sea” Greyhound.”

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In 1939, Germany won the “Battle of Poland.”  In early 1940 Germany won the “Battle of France.”[1]  A German invasion of Britain required control of the air over the English Channel.  The British won the “Battle of Britain.”[2]  Then began the “Battle of the Atlantic.”  Britain imported much of its food and raw materials; it would have to send forces to its far-flung battle fronts by sea; no Britain as a base, no cross-Channel attack in 1944 or any other year.  To stay in the war, Britain had to control the shipping lanes of the world.  Hitler ordered his navy to strangle Britain through submarine warfare.  The critical phase of the “Battle of the Atlantic” ran from 1940 to 1943.  All the while, Britain’s survival hung by a thread.[3] 

  At first, the Royal Navy had only the help of the small navies of the Commonwealth countries and a few Polish and Free French ships.  After Pearl Harbor, the United States Navy joined the fight.  “Greyhound” (dir. Aaron Schneider, 2020) provides an absorbing account of the problems of convoy escorts during the critical stage of the “Battle of the Atlantic.”[4]  The movie tracks a 37-ship convoy bound for Britain.[5]  What do we learn? 

First, on either end of the voyage, the convoy is also protected by aircraft, armed with depth charges and searching a much greater area than can the escort vessels.  In between is the “Mid-Atlantic Gap” when the convoy is out of range of air cover.[6]  Then the convoy has only the escort vessels.  The German U-boats loved this “Black Hole.”

Second, modern science helped arm the escort vessels.  “High Frequency Direction Finding” (HFDF or “Huff-Duff”) could locate the source of the long-distance radio messages used by the U-boats to communicate with their bases.  ASDIC (now called Sonar for Sound Navigation and Ranging) allowed the escort vessels to locate U-boats at closer range.  Attacks on submarines used depth charges whose water-pressure sensitive triggers caused them to explode at pre-set depths. 

Third, the U-boats still had advantages.  On the one hand, ASDIC could tell location, but not depth and depth charges had to explode within 20 feet to damage a submarine; when on the surface they had a high speed through the water and a very low silhouette that made them hard to see.  Surface night attacks were common.  Get a ship burning and it illuminated other targets.  On the other hand, the Germans subs took up a picket line across likely convoy routes, then converged on sighted convoys to attack in “wolf packs” that could swarm the escort vessels. 

Fourth, Captain Ernest Krause (Tom Hanks), the commander of the U.S.S. “Keeling,” represents the whole US war-effort in the early period after Pearl Harbor.  The Americans would exert an ever-increasing weight in the Anglo-American alliance as time went by, but the British had been at war for two years already.  Krause relies on his long years of service in a highly-trained and unforgiving Navy and upon an imposing personal sense of duty to cross his own “mid-Atlantic gap.” 

Fifth, words like “success” and “victory” had only a relative meaning.  Six of the merchant ships and one of the escort vessels are sunk by the Germans, and the “Keeling” is damaged.  Still, 31 merchantmen and three escorts survive.  It was a “tonnage war” and much more got through than was lost.  As Krause, exhausted by 52 straight hours on the bridge managing the complex battle trudges toward his cabin, he hears the crews of the merchant ships cheering. 

[1] An umbrella term for conquering Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France, and driving the British Expeditionary force off the Continent at Dunkirk.  

[2] See “The Battle of Britain” (dir. Guy Hamilton, 1969).  It is historically accurate and the flying scenes are thrilling.  Based on Derek Wood and Derek Dempster, The Narrow Margin.  The Battle Of Britain (1969) (youtube.com) 

[3] There are a host of good books on this subject, but one might start with Samuel Eliot Morison, The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939—May 1943 (1947), a volume in Professor/Admiral Morison’s Official History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II.  Morison knew the sea and how to write readable history. 

[4] Other Good-to-Great movies on this subject include: “San Demetrio London” (dir. Charles Frend, 1943); “The Enemy Below” (dir. Dick Powell, 1957) The Enemy Below 1957 (youtube.com); “The Cruel Sea” (dir. Charles Frend, 1953); and, from the German side, “Das Boot” (dir. Wolfgang Peterson, 1981).   There’s a documentary as well: “U-Boats vs. Allies” U-Boats vs Allies – WWII: Witness to War – S01 EP3 – History Documentary (youtube.com) 

[5] East-bound convoys had an “HX” designation (originally for leaving Halifax, Nova Scotia). 

[6] Both the RAF and the USAAF prioritized strategic bombing of Germany in allocating long-range aircraft, stinting convoy protection.  Eire remained resolutely neutral and denied Britain the use of ports and airfields in Western Ireland that would have greatly eased the situation.  Had Britain fallen to Hitler,… 

“The System Is Blinking Red” 2.

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The Armed Services Committees of the House of Representatives and the Senate created a “Commission on the National Defense Strategy.”  Eight people were appointed to the Commission by both parties in both committees.  The Commission examined both the current and foreseeable threat environment facing the United States and the military preparedness of the United States to address that environment.  The study makes grim reading.[1] 

First, the threat environment is familiar.  In first place is China; in second place is Russia; and in third and fourth places are Iran and North Korea.  All are aggressive tyrannies.  All devote a much larger share of their national resources to the military than does the United States.  All have grown closer to each other—formal or informal allies—over the last few years.  All are deeply aggrieved with the “rules-based order” fostered by the United States after the Cold War.  “The good old rule sufficeth them, the simple plan, That they should take who have the power, and they should keep who can.”[2]  One is already fully at war, one is using its proxies in war, and the others are using military power in an attempt to intimidate their neighbors, who are American allies.  In short, “the United States faces the most challenging and most dangerous international security environment since World War II.  It faces peer and near-peer competitors for the first time since the end of the Cold War.”  Once upon a time, such actions would have met a powerful American response as a matter of policy.[3] 

Now, “[the] consequences of an all-out war with a peer or near peer would be devastating.  Such a war would not only yield massive personnel and military costs but would also likely feature cyberattacks on U.S. critical infrastructure and a global economic recession from disruptions to supply chains, manufacturing, and trade.” 

Why is this?  The Commission finds American power much reduced and hobbled, all by our own doing.  First, “The Commission finds that DoD’s business practices, byzantine research and development (R&D) and procurement systems, reliance on decades-old military hardware, and culture of risk avoidance reflect an era of uncontested military dominance.”  As a result, “the U.S. military lacks both the capabilities and the capacity required to be confident it can deter and prevail in combat.” 

Second, “the U.S. defense industrial base (DIB) is unable to meet the equipment, technology, and munitions needs of the United States and its allies and partners. A protracted conflict, especially in multiple theaters, would require much greater capacity to produce, maintain, and replenish weapons and munitions.” 

Third, “today’s [DoD workforce and all-volunteer force ] is the smallest force in generations. It is stressed to maintain readiness today and is not sufficient to meet the needs of strategic global competition and multi-theater war.”  “Recent recruitment shortfalls [for the all-volunteer force] have decreased the size of the Army, Air Force, and Navy.” 

Fourth, we aren’t spending on–or raising money for–defense the way we used to when we were conscious of danger.  On the one hand, defense spending as a share of GDP has roller-coastered: in 1965, 6.9 percent; in 1967, 8.6 percent; in 1979, 4.9 percent; in 1983, 6.8 percent; in 1999, 2.9 percent; in 2010, 4.7 percent; and in 2025 it is projected that the US will spend 3 percent.  On the other hand, “Defense spending in the Cold War relied on top marginal income tax rates above 70 percent and corporate tax rates averaging 50 percent.” 

The Commission concludes that “The lack of preparedness to meet the challenges to U.S. national security is the result of many years of failure to recognize the changing threats and to transform the U.S. national security structure and has been exacerbated by the 2011 Budget Control Act, repeated continuing resolutions, and inflexible government systems. The United States is still failing to act with the urgency required, across administrations and without regard to governing party.” 

It offers a series of urgent recommendations that are well worth considering.  But not for too long.  Our enemies can see all these things.  They may not wait. 

[1] See: https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/nds_commission_final_report.pdf  The Report was brought to my attention by Walter Russell Mead, “U.S. Shrugs as World War II Approaches,” WSJ, 17 September 2024. 

[2] William Wordsworth, “Rob Roy’s Grave.” 

[3] Bing Videos

“The System Is Blinking Red” 1.

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            The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is required to report on the state of public finances.[1]  The CBO offers credible long-term projections.  They project an average annual growth of 2 percent.[2] 

            In 2001, U.S. government debt held by the public was $3.3 trillion dollars, amounting to 33 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).  Adjusted for inflation, that would be $5.93 trillion in 2024 dollars.

            In 2024, U.S. government debt held by the public is $28 trillion, amounting to 99 percent of GDP.  So the debt has multiplied almost five-fold in real terms, while it has tripled as a share of GDP.  The national debt is growing faster than is the American economy.   

            In 2035, U.S. government debt held by the public is projected to surpass $50 trillion, amounting to 122 percent of GDP.  By 2054, U.S. government debt held by the public is projected to surpass $50 trillion, amounting to 166 percent of GDP.  To further complicate matters, the “reserves” of Social Security are forecast to run out by 2033; the “reserves” of Medicare are forecast to run out by 2036.  Then the federal government will assume responsibility for making up any difference between assets and obligations. 

            From the mid-Seventies to today, interest payments on the national debt averaged 2.1 percent of GDP.  In 2024 it is 3.1 percent of GDP.  In 2033 it will hit 4.1 percent of GDP.  This latter figure is highly optimistic because it assumes that the Trump administration tax cuts of 2017 will expire in 2025.  There is virtually no chance that this will happen.  The interest payment on the debt is growing as a share of GDP. 

            Why does this ballooning debt matter?  The United States government has been cutting taxes and increasing spending for a long time now.  Nothing bad has happened.  Yet.  Many people may assume that creditors will go on lending the government of the United States whatever it needs to fill the deficit.  This is not necessarily so.  While vast, the pool of global savings available to be borrowed by the United States is not infinite.  As the debt grows in tandem with America’s unwillingness to accept fiscal discipline, lenders may conclude that there is a mounting risk of at least partial default.  Rather than stopping lending at all, they may demand a “risk premium” in the form of higher interest rates.[3]  The point of the higher interest rates is for the investor to recover as much of his/her capital as possible before anything goes wrong.  Higher interest payments will crowd-out other spending categories from the budget. 

            This began as problem-solving or vote-buying in an earlier time.  People in both parties now are used to the government giving them things without any immediate cost.  Politicians who argue for austerity—lower spending, higher taxes—will lose elections.  Many people think that this is pathological.  Hard to be puritanical when Puritanism is culturally discredited. 

[1] William A. Galston, “A U.S. National Debt Crisis Is Coming,” WSJ, 18 September 2024.  Sources: Part 1 of Answers to Questions for the Record Following a Hearing on An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034 (cbo.gov) and Part 2 of Answers to Questions for the Record Following a Hearing on An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook: 2024 to 2034 (cbo.gov)

[2] By my own calculation, the American GDP grew by 58 percent between 2001 and 2023.  That averages at 2.5 percent per year.  However, the turn against globalization could slow growth everywhere.  GDP (constant 2015 US$) – United States | Data (worldbank.org) 

[3] See: Risk premium – Wikipedia 

What Should You Read?

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The basic problem. 

            “Groupthink is becoming a national philosophy.  ‘Groupthink’ being a coinage — and, admittedly, a loaded one — a working definition is in order. We are not talking about mere instinctive conformity — it is, after all, a perennial failing of mankind. What we are talking about is a rationalized conformity — an open, articulate philosophy which holds that group values are not only expedient but right and good as well.”–William Hollingsworth Whyte, Jr., “Groupthink,” Fortune, March 1952.    

“Whyte derided the notion he argued was held by a trained elite of Washington’s ‘social engineers.’”—William Safire, NYT, 8 August 2004. 

            James Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (1998).  Here’s an example NOT drawn from the book: The post-unification government of Italy paid shipping companies to subsidize the passage to America of people from southern Italy and—especially—Sicily—because they were backward and wouldn’t get with the modernizing program. 

            James Scott, Weapons of the Weak (1985).  Basically, “Puttin’ on ole Massa.” 

            Beloved by academics, these books deal with the relationship between educated elites and—for the most part–backward peasants in developing countries.  Do they also apply to the politics of developed countries? 

The Economy. 

The “Washington Consensus.” 

Brief description.  Washington Consensus (archive.org)  

Mark Reutter, Making Steel: Sparrows Point and the Rise and Ruin of American Industrial Might (2004).   Academic book, 500 pages, so it’s OK to just read the summaries. 

Making Steel: Sparrows Point and the Rise and Ruin of American Industrial Might – Mark Reutter – Google Books 

Congress. 

            Thomas Mann and Norman Ornstein, The Broken Branch: How Congress Is Failing America and How to Get It Back on Track (2006).  Couple of hard-headed, highly-experienced scholar-journalists. 

9/11 (2001). 

Report of the 9/11 Commission.  A major disaster owes as much to all-government failure as it does to foreign malevolence. 

The Invasion of Iraq (2003). 

Robert Draper, To Start a War: How the Bush Administration Took America Into Iraq (2020).  Much better documented (and less vitriolic) that Seymour Hersh, Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib (2004).  Which doesn’t mean that Hersh was wrong. 

Thomas Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq, 2002-2006 (2007).  Especially the second half of the book, which deals with the occupation policies, the insurgency, and the early efforts to counter the insurgency.  If all you’ve got is a hammer, everything becomes a nail. 

The Generals. 

            Thomas Ricks, The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today (2012).  At least in this branch of the federal government (and maybe in all of them), there is no accountability for failure.  Wasn’t always so. 

The housing bubble and the financial crisis (2007-2008). 

            Greg Zuckerman, The Greatest Trade Ever (2009).  About John Paulson. 

            Michael Lewis, The Big Short (2010). 

            Point of both books is that it was perfectly possible to see the housing bubble and foresee the collapse of the bubble IF you were willing to work hard and didn’t automatically believe everything that you were told.  Apparently, these traits are uncommon among highly-paid people on Wall Street.  Or maybe they were/are and they just figured they’d stick the government for a bail-out. 

Oxycontin. 

            Beth Macy, Dopesick (2018).  The devastating impact of Oxy in Appalachia. 

            Patrick Radden Keefe, Empire of Pain (2021).  The Sacklers. 

            A pharmaceutical company developed it; doctors recommended it; federal regulators said it was OK.  Same as with Covid vaccines.  Try overlaying a map of opioid addiction with a map of later Covid vaccine resistance.  And the “core” Trump vote. 

The Russia “collusion” hoax. 

            Michael Horowitz, Report on Four FISA Applications and Other Aspects of the FBI’s Crossfire Hurricane Investigation (2019). 

120919-examination.pdf (justice.gov) 

            John H. Durham, Report on Matters Related to Intelligence Activities and Investigations Arising Out of the 2016 Presidential Campaigns (2023). 

            Investigators found “no documentary or testimonial evidence” of a conspiracy.  They did find a host of inexplicable “errors” made by highly experienced investigators which all tended in the same direction. 

A Bartlett’s of Tacitus Quotes. 

            Of the German tribes beyond the frontiers of the Roman Empire: “good habits are here more effectual than good laws elsewhere.” 

“The more corrupt the state, the more laws.” 

            “It is the rare fortune of these days that one may think what one likes and say what one thinks.” 

            “Step by step they were led to things which dispose to vice, the lounge, the bath, the elegant banquet. All this in their ignorance they called civilisation, when it was but a part of their servitude.” 

            “The desire for safety stands against every great and noble enterprise.” 

            “It belongs to human nature to hate those you have injured.” 

The Last War of Netanyahu.

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            In less than a week it will be the twenty-third anniversary of 9/11.  The memory of that attack by terrorists seems to be turning to empty tradition with the passage of time.  Yet, 9/11 sparked the “Forever Wars” (only recently concluded) and the “USA Patriot Act,” and some really bad country music.  One of the most remarkable things is how totally Americans have lost understanding of how a democracy may react to being blind-sided by “evil doers.” 

Writing on 2 August 2024, WSJ foreign affairs columnist Walter Russell Mead saw Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu successfully threading the needle.[1]  Mead believes that in the waning days of the Biden administration, its foreign policy team[2] hopes to prevent an expanded war in the Middle East.  Such a war would encompass a full-scale Hezbollah-Israel war and even war between Israel and Iran.  They fear that the United States would be drawn into such a conflict.  So, they are pushing hard for a cease-fire in Gaza and urging restraint on Israel. 

Mead also believes that Hamas, Turkey, and Iran hope to “bamboozle” the Biden administration into supporting a peace process that runs from a cease-fire to the creation of a Palestinian state in all but name, one in which Hamas holds the real power.  This effort might succeed because the “two-state solution” remains the goal of the Biden foreign policy team. 

            Recently, Israeli forces have killed Mohammed Deif (Hamas military commander); Fuad Shakr (Hezbollah military commander); and Ismail Haniyeh[3] (Hamas political leader).  These attacks threaten to stall efforts at a cease-fire in Gaza and to bring on the larger war with Iran.  Hence, Biden’s people are frustrated (or perhaps furious) with the actions of Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.  Mead sees these killings as reassuring the Israeli public, which generally hates Hamas and Hezbollah.  The killings also give notice to the Gulf states that Israel remains a tough and skillful opponent.  The Gulf states are caught between Arab solidarity and a fear of Iran.  Signs of Israel buckling at the knees might send them scurrying to make nice with Iran.  The killings may have a deterrent effect. 

            Striking enemies when they rear their head may not be enough to bring Israel security over the long run.  Kamala Harris has no long-standing ties to Israel comparable to those which have long influenced the Democratic party.  The gory war to the knife in Gaza has appalled many people.  The division between supporters and critics of Israel now runs through the Democratic party.  A President Harris might prefer to hold Israel at arm’s length going forward.  With Iran close to breaking through to making nuclear weapons, a Harris administration might want to put all its efforts into achieving a last-minute return to the Obama administration’s agreement with Iran. 

            Mead wrote all this a month before Hamas killed six Israeli prisoners to prevent their rescue by Israeli troops.  The explosion of fury in a large part of Israel’s public has challenged Netanyahu’s policy and tenuous grip on power.  He refuses—so far–to give in.  His campaign to destroy Hamas grinds forward.  It brings Israeli troops ever closer to the remaining prisoners.  There may be more executions to come.  If so, there will be more massive demonstrations in the streets of Tel Aviv.  Perhaps this will be the final crisis for Netanyahu.  But not for Israel. 

[1] Walter Russell Mead, “Israel Brings Deterrence Back to the War on Terror,” WSJ, 2 August 2024. 

[2] Secretary of State Antony Blinken, National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan, CIA Director William Burns. 

[3] Mohammed Deif – Wikipedia; Fuad Shukr – Wikipedia;  Ismail Haniyeh – Wikipedia